grado rs1 impedance. 05 dB. grado rs1 impedance

 
05 dBgrado rs1 impedance  Grado RS1x

Very musical headphone. The Grado GS3000x Statement wired over-ear headphones are on sale now, and in the UK they cost a not-inconsiderable £2195. report for a newbie; The automatic selection of the optimal AMP models; Information for all Versus of characteristics. . High-impedance headphones need a good amp, not just for volume but for tone control. In short, it gives you that front row-like experience when watching live performances. It is a stellar product, brimming with elegance in finish and sound reproduction. Frequency Response: 14Hz – 29,000kHz. A new SR80e costs $99. RS-1 SRS-325 taste test. 23 points. high impedance, leave the output transformer off, but with low impedance headphones using. (Such a wonderful. My Creative MuVo N200 MP3 sounds best with Grado RS-1 :DBeing far wider in circumference, that fully envelope the ear and distribute the weight even more evenly. has a neodymium magnet. Entry-Level Redefined The brand new Grado RS1x ($750 USD) and RS2x ($550 USD) X Driver Headphones have arrived in time for Black Friday and we’re rather impressed. Impedance is not what you need to look at for amplifier requirements, it's sensitivity that is a measure of how much voltage is required at the headphone impedance to produce volume. Share Sep 30, 2022 at 4:23 AM Post #56,755 of 63,058 InLoveWithHeadphones 100+ Head-Fier. More items related to this product. (Such a wonderful headphone. . Categories. But anyways, the RS-1 is very very smooth and punchy, where the RS-2 is kinda harsh in the treble, no wait make that very harsh in the treble, almost sibilant, anyways, i recommend either the SR325 or RS-1. Help. Over time, there will be many debates, and in the end, it will all come down to personal preference. The all-new 'X' is Grado's fourth driver iteration in almost three decades - an earspeaker with 'reconfigured' diaphragm, higher magnetic power but lower effective voice coil mass - and will debut. Cable Length: 2. It's also worth noting that the RS-2s carry an impedance rating of 32 ohms--far more efficient than the 120 ohms to 300 ohms of. 5mm adaptor: Street Price: US$695: Buy from Amazon. Impedance is the device’s electrical resistance to the current being pushed through it. The PS500's treble is still Grado-esque, but it doesn't bring the energy and raw texture that the 325 and RS1 are capable of. I recently acquired a pair of RS1's. 0 Ω. Sep 20, 2014. 36. Grado RS-1i Headband Headphones - Black. Our long-serving Beyerdynamic T1 Mk2 headphones (600 ohms) work really well, but the Grado RS1 (32ohms) and Focal Stellia (35 ohms) sound a little uneven. ‘Defined’ and ‘Spacious’ Grado Labs clearly makes the RS1e for audiophiles, by every measure that matters. I am leaning on the Grados for compatibility reasons. After purchasing 2 pairs of Grado headphones (125, RS1) I agonized about purchasing this companion product. Grado say. 683. is dustproof and water-resistant. They're a touch. . We can all name at least one or two companies which have been flushed right down the toilet by the prodigal son, and those of us who wax nostalgic about firms which survive past the originator's retirement just hate it when the founder's successors turn into the destroyer of his legacy. . Search. 34 points. We and our partners use cookies to give you the best online experience, including to personalise advertising and content. If you could add some impressions about the two RS1 models (e and X) that would be really great. Search titles only By:By eliminating AC interference, the battery powered Grado Reference RA1 Headphone Amplifier is designed for state-of-the-art performance specifically to play Grados. Built-in headphone amps on CD gear tend to have high output impedance and I haven't tried one yet that didn't make Grados sound like tin cans. Grado RS-1 Reference Series Headphones Equipment Reviews , Headphones + Accessory Reviews , Speakers, Subs, Soundbars & Headphones. Grado RS1x is the culmination of years of development of the Grado RS range using 4th Generation drivers and a combination of exotic woods. . Search. Impedance 38 ohms. Sennheiser HD 700. 00 . warranty: 1 year (does not include earpads) 60-day returns. HD800, K701/702 or T1 on the same basis. At 99. Featuring handcrafted Mahongany earpieces made using an intricate curing process, Grado has been able to optimize the tonal quality. There is an M901 going on Ebay right now so it's' kind of tempting not to. Search. 271. I remembered you saying OTL was. The headphone port is designed to perfectly run demanding headphones with high impedance using only the built-in player amp without the need for an external AMP. Grado RS1x $ 130 $ 750 $ 130. • First, not every OTL tube h/p/a features high output impedance. The Rs2 might be more aggressive and maybe more intimate(?) which I absolutely love about them. The RS-1x joins the ranks joins the x-series refresh like the SR-range before it. If you are looking for a basic and simple DAC dongle, the IKKO Zerda ITM02 is an excellent choice. Grado RS1; Grado RS1e; Grado PS1000e; Grado PS2000e; Grado Special Maple Wood Limited Edition; Ultrasone Edition 8; Audeze LCD-X. Only 1 in stock - Order Now. Specifically tuned for the tri-wood RS1x, this new speaker design features a more powerful magnetic circuit, a voice coil with decreased effective mass, and a reconfigured diaphragm. What is the difference between Grado PS500 and Grado RS1x? Find out which is better and their overall performance in the headphones ranking. Home. 2) versions of the LCD-2 are more than welcomed to compare both to the Grado RS1 (i). Popular comparisons. The Zana Deux’s Hi /Lo impedance switch will drive most headphones and the nickel plated caps enhance the detail in design. Search titles only By:What is the difference between Apple In-Ear and Grado RS1x? Find out which is better and their overall performance in the headphones ranking. They had a demo pair of Grado RS-1 listed on their site, and since I was interested in the RS-1i at $695, I figured their list price for these at $449, same as the RS-2 demo was a. 89 $ 3. Fit: Supra-aural (On-ear). I was so impressed that I kept my eye open for a good deal on a pair of RS-1's. com Miroak-2,. The sound quality is far better than the headphone jacks provided on most equipment and it is. 8 dB Normal Impedance: 32 ohms Driver Matched dB:. Cons: - Comfort (if you don't bend the headband). It is a single stage class A MOSFET design with the right gain and a low output impedance. warranty: 1 year (does not include earpads) 60-day returns; MFR # RS 1i; KEEP READING READ. Sound Pressure Level: 98 dB re. - Unique looks. Grado SR225 at Amazon for $225 Grado SR225: Price. Focal Clear MG. Kind of a useless post, but - I just have to After just over 18 months of not being able to listen to the RS1 because of the midrange coloration and. Than try to look for the NAD hp50 or Beyer Custom One Pro. John Grado (Joe’s nephew) took. Information for entry level users. November 4, 2021 3:18 pm. I-enjoy. (Such a wonderful headphone. 5-foot cord terminated with a 1/4-inch stereo plug, but the package also includes a 15-foot cord, and a 1/8-inch mini-plug adapter. Grado definitely had a vision for the SR325X. RS1 users rarely worry about upgrading their cable while the 650 seems to have inspired an entire cottage industry of aftermarket cables, each designed to "lift the veil" better than the others. . I haven't heard that Grado model, but if push came to shove between the two, I'd take the Grado. - Versatile for all genres except for EDM. +. Grado RS-1 Headphones - Mint. I am now in a position where I can no longer accomodate these speakers and will have to go down the headphone only route. Transducer type Dynamic. I currently have an RS1e and am the original owner of an original RS1 Vintage that I cherish. 03mW, so actual sensitivity (in dB/mW which are the units manufacturers should give their sensitivity) is more like. Be the first to write a review for this item OR just rate it. "Listening to my RS1's through the Grado RA1 headphone amp is like listening to a live performance, it puts you right there. In some ways Im not sure that its been bettered. If I understand correctly. Driving Grado RS1: L mode. 05 dB Maple, Hemp, Cocobolo. I have never owned an expensive pair of headphones and have always wondered why someone would spend so much, until John Chen generously let me audition the Reference Series RS1x. For the price, its a nice pair of headphones, very good portabilty, comfort (with modified HD414 pads) and sound (for the price. Forums. Home > Headphones comparison > Grado GR8 vs Grado RS1x. Output Power (mW@32Ohms): 70. 00. You are on the title page of the reports and services. Condition: Brand new in original retail packaging. Than try to look for the NAD hp50 or Beyer Custom One Pro. Company Information Grado Laboratories 4614 Seventh Ave. 8dB/mW. 2160×1218 106 KB. Headphones Grado RS-1 at a price from 799 to 799 £ >>> E-Catalog - catalog prices comparison & specs User & media reviews, manuals. Order Forms. 1 1 10 100 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Frequency %THD+noise Left 90dB Right 90dB Left 100dB Right 100dB 30 Hz Square Wave-0. Grado RS1X Stock (BLU/RED) vs Tape Mod (GRY) Frequency Response. I have been using a Schiit Asgard 3 to drive my Grados, but someone I respect in my HiFi circle insists that I would love my new cans even more with the Schiit Valhalla 2 (since I’m a big fan of the tube sound in my loudspeaker setup). This item: GRADO SR80x Prestige Series Wired Open Back Stereo Headphones. Sports. 30. the pads are the same old same old. I remembered you saying OTL was. 12 reasons to shop with us. Valves 2x 12AT7 (driver stage), 2x 12BH7A (power stage) Power output 500mW (into 32, 100, 250 and 600ohm. The Wonderful Grado RS1i Review July 14, 2021 by melvin Sound Quality The Grado house sound is unmistakable. You guys say that 600's aren't good for rock, well I don't agree. Compare the ranking of various headphones. I did not move for an hour when I first heard the RS1) Meanwhile, the SR60 was getting more famous every. The lower the impedance, the easier it is to get higher volume and. The cups, sliders, all the same. 00: Payment method: Cash, Paypal, Money Order:Those who have or had both (r. Accessories. 8 dB; impedance: 38 ohms; warranty: 1. I guess i need to get a tube model. 00. Including both our first-ever headphone and metal pair, these classics embody seven decades of Grado Labs. 05dB. I have enjoyed listening to them and. Home > Headphones comparison > Grado RS1e vs Sony MDR-Z1. Good introduction for Alessandro line. There is real depth to the soundscape. 5 feet (also includes 4. The RS-2s are essentially the same as Grado's flagship RS-1. Cans: Grado GH-1 / Grado SR325 x / Grado GW100x / Sennheiser HD600 / Sennheiser HD650 / Meze 109 Pro / Meze 99 Classics / Dan Clark Audio Aeon 2 Noire / Modded Beyerdynamic T70p with gaming boom mic Amps/DACs/DAPs: Oppo HA-1 / Bottlehead Crack + Speedball with integrated Khadas Tone 1 / Sony NW-A306 /. Grado Labs is a family run manufacturer of. We talked about the SR60i as the perfect Grado to mod because of its low cost ($79) and family resemblance to the higher-cost Grados. Cons: Shouty at times, Comfort. com. Sound. - Easy to drive. Grado RS1e. The RS1x is the first headphone to be built with the larger 50mm X Drivers. The result is a stunningly beautiful looking warm-sounding headphone. My Basket £0. 00. Impedance is the device’s electrical resistance to the current being pushed through it. Nominal impedance: 32 Ohms Driver match db: 0. au can also sort you out with a FiiO E9 for $135 if you don't want a tube hybrid. The RS-1i is the Masterpiece of the Grado collection, the Top-Of-The-Range product which oozes class both in looks and. This. 1/4" plug adapter included. I was really pretty worried that the upper end would be a little too consumer-friendly in it's presentation. A friend recently loaned me a pair of Grado RS1. 408. I didn't have much cash and I won't be able to spend too much on an amp. . Brooklyn, NY 11220. 98. Because of the hard-to-source parts, the Zana Deux will be retired after current inventory is sold out. Material: Mahogany, Foam, Leather. They sounded fantastic. Sony MDR-Z1 $ 3. Grado RS1 Grado RS2 Grado PS1000 Grado GS1000 Grado PS500 Grado SR60i Grado SR125i. Home > Headphones comparison > Grado RS1i vs HiFiMan Ananda. Specifically tuned for the tri-wood RS1x, this new speaker design features a more powerful magnetic circuit, a voice coil with decreased effective mass, and a reconfigured diaphragm. The RS-1i is the Masterpiece of the Grado collection, the Top-Of-The-Range product which oozes class both in looks and sound. Grado RS1e. We get a bit more bass without changing what makes the RS1 so interesting. K601. 5mm mini adapter. The PS500's treble is still Grado-esque, but it doesn't bring the energy and raw texture that the 325 and RS1 are capable of. Operating principle Open air. Search first posts only. The RS1 has a distinctively higher treble than both GS1000 and RS2; with about the same bass as the RS2. One of our top-rated headphones, the SR325x delivers superior sound with 4th Gen Grado drivers. A low-impedance pair of headphones at $300 seems like. The RS1i is very much true to its heritage but I’m surprised. Impedance; Electric phase; QSD / Watterfall ;. . Hi all, At this moment Im after an amp which can drive my low impedance headphones well. 600. The high. en. The cups, sliders, all the same. The PS500's treble is still Grado-esque, but it doesn't bring the energy and raw texture that the 325 and RS1 are capable of. But everyone is Different and don't beleive graphs only your ears. Grado RS1 vs. Nominal Impedance: 38 ohms Driver Matched dB: . They're decently comfortable and have a well-balanced mid-range and a good bass for an open-back design. Generally, RS-2 do not need all that much voltage, but having enough current is useful. As is usual with Grado, most of the important work goes unseen. Frequency response: 12-30,000 Hz. Categories. 05 dB. In short, it gives you that front row-like experience when watching live performances. But things are not equal here. Austrian Audio Hi-X50. RS-1 is one of the very high-end headphone that can easily be driven by even a cheap single AAA battery MP3 player, or a Notebook PC. 2 Cans: Grado GH-1 / Grado SR325 x / Grado GW100x / Sennheiser HD600 / Sennheiser HD650 / Meze 109 Pro / Meze 99 Classics / Dan Clark Audio Aeon 2 Noire / Modded Beyerdynamic T70p with gaming boom mic Amps/DACs/DAPs: Oppo HA-1 / Bottlehead Crack + Speedball. The Grado reference RS1 headphones feature voice coils that are wo. I thought it was the cheapo amps from Alislibresse that usually made these nonsensical spec sheets, but I see that European manufacturers now have. grado-rs1-x Category: Headphones Tags: grado headphones, grado labs,. Home > Headphones comparison > Grado RS1x vs HiFiMAN RE-600. Active and engaging, it's simply the kind of headphone that does most. The bass was too weak and the impedance was way too high. Grado RS1i. It is capable of a very high bitrate of 990kbps, which provides high resolution audio. View other items by Grado. Pros: - Slightly tuned SR325e sound signature. Home. Devices with neodymium magnets are lighter and more powerful than those which use ferrite magnets. suggested Grado PS500e Grado GH1 Grado PS500 Grado RS 1 Grado GS1000e Focal Clear Focal Elear Grado GH1 Grado RS1i Flips Audio HD650. The thing is, do this amp power my 650 nicely and good? and. If you go with the WA2, an OTL, you will want headphones with a high impedance (250+ohms). I just picked up my first pair of quality cans today from my local audiophile dealer and am wondering what I got. Impedance in Ohms-60-40-20 0 20 40 Phase in Degrees Impedance Phase. 05 dB; In the Box: Headphones, Warranty, Grado story-sheet, 3. This is a scaled-down version of Nelson Pass' Zen power amplifier for my headphones. W1000. smartphones graphics cards wireless earbuds CPUs. En douceur, Grado poursuit la refonte de sa gamme pour passer tous ses casques en version "x" de 4ème généra on. 05; Sharing is caring! See moreGrado: Model: RS1: Headphone Type: Open Supraaural: Headband Type: Single: Weight (g) 226: Driver Type: Dynamic: Enclosure Material:. I feel they are better balanced. Transducer Type: Dynamic. If there were ever a complete waste of a headphone, the SR125e is it hands down. Not everyone loves the traditional Grado flexible. Currently I am listening to the AKG 701s through the Earmax Silver Edition headphone amplifier. I was so impressed with my SR225i I brought the RS1i after reading many posts which suggest the RS1i is a good upgrade over the 225's. 32 ohms. For those headphones with higher impedance and lower sensitivity, a high gain version, the RA1-HG fits the bill. . Zen Headphone Amplifier. I have a budget at about $500-600 give or. Talented on-ears that set high standards at this level. A friend recently loaned me a pair of Grado RS1. Transducer Type: Dynamic. I like the 325's better than the RS-1. frequency response: 12-30,000 Hz. Unlike every other model, it lacks the piercing treble that is the Grado signature sound. Meze Audio 109 Pro. Compare the sensitivity and impedance; Information for professionals. Electrical Impedance and Phase Measured with 600 Ohm output impedance. Be the first to write a review for this item. Comparing the RS1e (center) to (from top left) GS1000i, RS2e, RS1i, PS1000e, SR325e, and HP1000 (HP1). Both are low impedance at 32ohms for the Grado and 40ohms for the Pro 900. RS1 users rarely worry about upgrading their cable while the 650 seems to have inspired an entire cottage industry of aftermarket cables, each designed to "lift the veil" better than the others. The specific model I’m reviewing has been discontinued for quite some time now and has been superseded by RS1e similar to other models that have carried the e series as well. RRP: £799. They are light and comfortable, but sit directly on the. . John Grado attests this change to getting rid of micro-phonics in the cable, as the circular cutouts gave the cable more freedom to bump around. We used the battery-powered version for our tests, alongside the reference Graham Sleek Solo (US $950). I have been using a Schiit Asgard 3 to drive my Grados, but someone I respect in my HiFi circle insists that I would love my new cans even more with the Schiit Valhalla 2 (since I’m a big fan of the tube sound in my loudspeaker setup). It inherited the namesake of one of the most beloved headphones in the $200 price point range (which also happens to be one of the most popular) and knocked it out of the park. 9814 . Impedance: 32 ohm. Asking Price: USD $ 375. 97. 05. I know low impedance cans need high current so Im wondering whether tube amps. Impedance: 32 Ohm. suggested Grado eGrado Focal Elear Sennheiser HD 650 Grado RS1i Grado GR8 Grado PS500 Grado RS 1 Grado PS500e Grado RS2e Grado GS1000e. bennyhaha812. . " - Mark Rivera, Saxophonist with the Billy Joel BandBut to be honest, it did sound nice with my Grado RS-1 I had at the time. Reference-quality sound from Grado The first RS1 headphones were created like most great things: during a middle-of-the-night spark of inspiration. 05 What does the i stand for in the new RS1i from Grado? Improved, that’s what! Featuring a new species of handcrafted Mahogany earpieces made using an intricate curing process; Grado has been able to optimize the tonal quality. no hard rock. Cons: - Comfort (if you don't bend the headband). After looking around online I found 2 headphones I really liked the hd600 and the Sr325. grado-rs-1-butonless grado-rs1 grado-rs1i-reference-series-headphones grado-sr125i-headphones grado-sr225i-headphones grado-statement-series-gs1000i-headphones headphones over-ear ttvj Replies: 12 Forum: Headphones (full-size) The Grado SR80e/SR80 are decent open-back headphones for neutral sound but a below-average choice for everything else. Transducer Type: Dynamic; Operating Principle: Open Air; Frequency. Unfortunately, they have a mediocre-at-best build quality that doesn't feel very durable, and they sound a bit too. Input Impedance: 50k ohm; Output Impedance: <0. New items New comments Author list Series Latest content Latest updates Latest reviews. 8 dBNormal Impedance: 32 ohmsDriver Matched dB: . The RS1e places a 50mm dynamic transducer and an eight-conductor cable design in an open-air configuration. Devices with neodymium magnets are lighter and more powerful than those which use ferrite magnets. New posts Search forums. For me, the RS1's were more relaxing to listen to. Sensitivity: 99. The $249 Grado GW100 Wireless headphone is what we're looking at today. Open-back on-ear headphones are a rarity and this pair show unwavering confidence in their unusual approach. . Grado RS1i $ 429. Grado RS1i - Reference OnEar HeadphonesGrado RS1i - Reference OnEar Headphones - What does the i stand for in the new RS1i from Grado? Improved, that s what! Featuring a new species of handcrafted Mahogany earpieces made using an intricate curing process;RS 1 x. Frequency response 18Hz – 24kHz. 2 oz. Grado Magnum V3 - Marty Cocobolo Cups - pbandstephanwichI'd like to know how would the RS-1 sound from my Kenwood HD20GA7 dap. A nimble yet unwavering headphone, the redesigned RS2x explores new territory for the Reference Series by marrying maple with hemp wood. Textfeud. 43 points. 98dB/mW. Beyerdynamic DT 48 E 120 ohm source impedance. 89. Retail Price: USD $695. The lower the impedance, the easier it is to get higher volume and requires less power. Cans: Grado GH-1 / Grado SR325 x / Grado GW100x / Sennheiser HD600 / Sennheiser HD650 / Meze 109 Pro / Meze 99 Classics / Dan Clark Audio Aeon 2 Noire / Modded Beyerdynamic T70p with gaming boom mic Amps/DACs/DAPs: Oppo HA-1 / Bottlehead Crack + Speedball with integrated Khadas Tone 1 / Sony NW-A306 /. $27. (if ever available), something in the $400 range. PS1000. The TTVJ pads are bit more leaky and we saw from the impedance plots (inferring higher Qts) how sensitive the SR325X were to seal. A review of the Grado RS1e headphone including references to how it compares with the HiFiMan Sundara, Monolith M1060 v2 and Alessandro MS1Find out more here. smartphones graphics cards wireless earbuds CPUs. Impedance is the device’s electrical resistance to the current being pushed through it. 8 dB) design, making it easy to extract a good performance and. These are lively headphones with excellent midrange and treble detail, as well as swift, deep bass for a pair of this size and. The increased build quality has given it more durability and it packs serious sound for its small size. Home > Headphones comparison > Grado RS1x vs Yamaha EPH-100. Frequency response: 12-30,000 Hz. Hi all, At this moment Im after an amp which can drive my low impedance headphones well. They weigh in at a paltry 9 ounces and feature handcrafted mahogany earpieces. en. With little dot mki+ some shrillness in high freq. Grado RS1e. The RS 2 is an open-back, on-ear, dynamic (that is, voice-coil driven) headphone. I've owned every Grado up to the RS-1i and they are all very bright sounding and uncomfortable. The Grado GS3000x Statement wired over-ear headphones are on sale now, and in the UK they cost a not-inconsiderable £2195. the losses are much less that way so when i was thinking about a GS-1 or Grace, I was thinking of the second hand market. 100V – 240V available. 05 Features: - Vented diaphragm - Mahogany air chamber - UHPLC voice coil wire - UHPLC connecting cord Alessandro High-End Products and Grado Labs have. The 325's and the 600's are on par with each other. Home > Headphones comparison > Apple In-Ear vs Grado RS1x. Yes, wood cups are part of the sound, and different wood = slightly different sound. Leading the way for Grado's 4th gen X Drivers, the redesigned RS1x combines maple, hemp, and cocobolo wood into a vivacious and elegant headphone. MFR # RS1x. It is way to early to tell which is the better amps for the K701, although tube amps make them sing praises. With the low-impedence Grados, I only have to turn it up halfway to get more than I need. BTW the headphone I’ll be suing is my trusty Grado 225i. The Fs looks to have be moved up in frequency too to facilitate this. The results were surprisingly. The Zerda ITM02 uses an AKM AK4377 chipset to decode up to 32-bit/384kHz. Inputs: 3. Nominal Impedance: 32 ohms. The CablesHere comes the kicker: I do think that the recently released, slightly cheaper, Grado HF2 is better than the RS1 in playing RS1’s own playlist. Today Grado Labs is introducing the new Reference Series, which brings fourth-generation X Drivers to the RS1x and RS2x. But everyone is Different and don't beleive graphs only your ears. 98dB/mW. your RS1 too. Even before placing upon the ears, the cans evoke fine-fidelity—from the aforementioned retro, wood-enclosure design to the thick (and heavy) Y. Comparison of Grado RS1e and Grado SR325e based on specifications, reviews and ratings. The frequency range is said to be 12 Hz to 30,000 Hz, with an impedance of 38 ohms. McIntosh MHA200 tech specs. Grado Labs is located in a nondescript four-story building in the Sunset Park neighborhood in Brooklyn, where Joe Grado started manufacturing phono cartridges in the early 1950s. sound pressure level (at 1mW): 99. The RS-1 is the Masterpiece of the Grado collection, the Top Of The Range product which oozes class both in looks and sound. I think it was Austonia's pair, being driven by a Grado amp (not the wooden one, the other one). In fact, the RS1e measures closer to a HD600 than any other headphone. I bought these after sort of lusting after them for MANY years. with Grado headphones for wonderful synergy but also works with other headphone brands that have a low impedance. Grado SR225X Impedance and electrical phase (GRY) Free air (YEL) and On-ear (GRN) Grado SR325X Impedance and Electrical Phase.